Article 4 Section 4 Republican Form Guarantee Clause is still undefined. In 1849, The U.S. Supreme Court ruled questions arising from Article 4 Section 4: Republican Form Guarantee are "political question and not judicial questions." In Luther v Borden (7 How. (48) U.S.1 (1849)), the Supreme Court ruled Article 4 questions"rests with Congress to decide what government is the established one in a state...as well as its political character (United States Constitution Annotated, West (1986), p.894). The ruling made in Luther v. Borden declared and established the 'political question doctrine' so as to specifically not answer questions regarding the Republican Form Guarantee Clause.
However, the U.S. Supreme Court is WITHOUT MERIT to declare Article 4, Section 4, Republican Form Guarantee Clause to be a political question. The meaning to Republican Form is a judicial question that can be easily defined in the Federalist Papers, specifically Hamilton No.09 and Madison No.10. These two essays discuss in detail political party behavior and why the American Republic did not include a political party system in the U.S. political system. The Federalist Papers are PRIMARY SOURCE INFORMATION when defining the original intent to each of the seven Articles comprising the U.S. Constitution. Hamilton No. 09 & Madison No. 10 clearly explain that the 'Republican Form' they established is defined by a zero party system with direct representation of citizens, vis-a-vis, a political party system which indirectly represents American citizens, or a party system open to lobbyists, foreign influence, and potential for factions to engage insurrection against the civil laws.
Moreover, Article 4 is a constitutional law ratified by the states. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over all Articles of the US Constitution. It is absurd of the Court in 1849 to refuse questions regarding Article 4, Section 4: Republican Form on the grounds that it is the prerogative of the Executive or Legislative branch to decide the fate of the Republican Form Guarantee Clause.
For the Court to declare a constitutional Article to be outside the venue and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court itself was, and is, a violation of the duties imposed upon the Court, and in violation to be a separate check upon the executive and legislative branches in the case of a violent domestic faction taking control of public offices and committing insurrection and treasonous political acts.
One further observation that must be taken into account are the years 1829 and 1849. In 1829 the modern political party system system began with the election of Andrew Jackson: and 1849 was the year when the Supreme Court declared Article 4 Section 4 Republican Form is a political question doctrine question. A considerable amount of time passed for the the party system players to stack the Supreme Court through the Legislative and Executive branch appointments and confirmations. The two parties had bipartisan control of Judicial appointments for twenty solid years. Evidence shown in the Farmer's War Against Monopolies (1874) shows how the railroad and coal corporation barons bribed and bought the US Legislature in the early 1820's. The same corporate baron's, along with US opium barons smuggling opium from Turkey to China, where also the financial and political support behind the birth and creation of both the Democrat, and Republican party organizations.
What is most odd about the Court's 1849 decision is that it prevents anyone from questioning the Court on the legitimacy of incorporated political party organizations when their members and/or organization violate the polity and principles of American government. There is no check upon the violence of faction if or when it occurs. The Supreme Court is supposed to be a check upon the Executive and Legislative branches. The Court's check on the other two branches includes cases against violent domestic factions (NGO political parties) taking control of the other two branches of government. The Court is the only guard protecting against faction takeover of the other two branches, protection against domestic factions from changing the fundamental principles of constitutional law by defacto ways and means: by declarations of national and domestic emergencies, crises mandates, decrees, antithesis corollary doctrines, and by crises driven legislative Acts (e.g.,Patriot Act), vis-a-vis, government officials making fundamental changes in American polity by constitutional convention as required by the constitution itself. To change or modify any of the Articles or Amendments to the Constitution requires a constitutional convention.
George Washington's Farewell Address, is another primary source document to remind American's of the true meaning of Republican Form. George Washington clearly states why they, the founding members, established a zero party system. Paragraphs 19 to 25 clearly defines political party behavior as "baneful" (utterly destructive). President Washington warns Americans that political party organizations are uninvited guests, he warns that organized political parties are domestic factions that oftentimes are open to foreign influence and corruption, and party members will seek personal gain at the expense of civilian life, public liberties, and public ruin. President Washington clearly warns American society why political parties do not have a legitimate role in the system, process, or function of Republican government.
The lobbyist system now in place consists of foreign and domestic lobbyists. Lobby activity is a political offense because lobbyists negate the representation of individual American citizens through a system of pay to play. The lobby system inherently creates a system of indirect representation of American voters. Financial contributions to elected officials and party organizations by lobbyists prejudice our elected officials into representing the wishes, wants and desires of the lobbyist or lobby group over the interests and will of of regular American citizens. Political lobby activity re-imposes a system of taxation-without-representation upon the American people. Political parties are an organizational filter between government and the American citizen voter. Lobbyist contributions to elective officials, and contributions to the party to which the elected officials belong, gives favor to corporate lobby interests, which in turn, negates the interests and will of the American citizens taxpayer. Taxation Without Representation, as a result of lobby activity, is a political offense that is alive and well within the illegitimate U.S. party system.>